Money laundering is one of the most serious and sophisticated financial crimes, involving the process of concealing the origins of illegally obtained funds to make them appear legitimate. It allows the proceeds of crimes — such as fraud, corruption, drug trafficking, and organized crime — to circulate in the global financial system, making it a threat not only to businesses and individuals but to national and international economic stability.

At its core, money laundering operates in three distinct stages:

• Placement: Illicit money enters the financial system.

• Layering: Multiple transactions obscure its origin.

• Integration: The “laundered” money re‑enters the economy as  a legitimate resource.

Modern money laundering is increasingly complex, involving sophisticated methods like shell companies, cryptocurrency exchanges, trade‑based laundering, and offshore accounts. As a result, enforcement authorities have intensified their scrutiny, making it vital for businesses and individuals to understand and adhere to anti‑money laundering regulations and best practices.